고문방지위원회 제06차 최종견해
Concluding observations of the CAT
채택일 2024. 7. 19.
/ 배포일 2024. 8. 16.
Republic of Korea
A. Introduction
2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for accepting the simplified reporting procedure and submitting its periodic report thereunder, as this improves the cooperation between the State party and the Committee and focuses the examination of the report and the dialogue with the delegation.
3. The Committee appreciates having had the opportunity to engage in a constructive dialogue with the delegation of the State party and the responses provided to the questions and concerns raised during the consideration of the periodic report.
B. Positive aspects
4. The Committee welcomes the ratification by the State party of the following instruments:
(a) International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, in January 2023;
(b) Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, in December 2022;
(c) Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), of the International Labour Organization, on 20 April 2021.
5. The Committee also welcomes the State party’s initiatives to revise and introduce legislation in areas of relevance to the Convention, including the following:
(a) Act on Assignment to and Performance of Alternative Service, in 2019;
(b) Framework Act on Prevention of Violence against Women, in 2019;
(c) Amendment of the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment of Crimes of Domestic Violence, to strengthen response at crime scenes, in 2020;
(d) Amendment of the Military Personnel Management Act, to abolish the “guardhouse detention” system, in 2020;
(e) Amendment of the Civil Act, to delete article 915, which could be construed as allowing the corporal punishment of children by their parents, in 2020;
(f) Amendment of the Act on the Employment of Foreign Workers, to prevent violence against migrant workers, in 2021;
(g) Act on Prevention of Human Trafficking and Protection of Victims, in April 2021.
6. The Committee also welcomes the initiatives undertaken by the State party to amend its policies and procedures in order to improve human rights protection and to apply the Convention, in particular the following:
(a) Adoption of the plan to strengthen counsel’s right to audience, in 2019;
(b) Adoption of the amendment to the Rules on the Standard of the Use of Hazardous Police Equipment, to restrict the use of water cannons, in 2020;
(c) Adoption of the national action plan for the promotion and protection of human rights, in 2024;
(d) Launch of the National Trauma Recovery Center, whose mandate is to heal trauma from State violence, hostile forces and international terrorist groups, in 2024.
C. Principal subjects of concern and recommendations
Pending follow-up issues from the previous reporting cycle
7. In its concluding observations on the combined third to fifth periodic reports of the State party, the Committee requested the State party to provide information on its implementation of the Committee’s recommendations on the outcome of investigations by the Prosecutor’s Office and the National Police Agency in relation to the death of Baek NamGi, on the outcome of any proceedings in relation to the Sewol Ferry accident, on the closing of remaining “substitute cells” and on the establishment of the office of the military ombudsman. 3 ) In the light of the replies submitted by the State party on 9 December 2016, 4 ) the information contained in the State party’s sixth periodic report and the additional information provided by the delegation during the dialogue, the Committee is of the view that these recommendations, as set out in paragraphs 14 (d) and (e), 26 and 36 (b) of the previous concluding observations, have been implemented.
Definition and criminalization of torture
8. While noting the delegation’s explanation that acts of torture fall under articles 124 and 125 of the Criminal Act, the Committee is concerned that torture has not yet been integrated into domestic legislation as a specific crime with a generally applicable definition that corresponds to article 1 of the Convention. The Criminal Act does not fully and explicitly cover the mental and psychological aspects of torture, nor torture inflicted at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. The Committee is also concerned that, despite increased penalties for “violent and cruel acts” that result in bodily injury and death, penalties for torture are still not commensurate with the gravity of this crime (arts. 1 and 4).
9. Recalling its previous recommendations, 5 ) the Committee reiterates that the State party should:
(a) Incorporate into the Criminal Act a definition of torture that makes torture a distinct crime and incorporates all the elements of article 1 of the Convention, including the mental and psychological aspects of torture and the notion of torture being inflicted “with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity”;
(b) Revise its national legislation to ensure that acts of torture are punishable by penalties commensurate with the gravity of the crime, whether they result in injury or death or not, as required by article 4 (2) of the Convention.
Statute of limitations
10. While acknowledging that the statute of limitations is not applicable to the crime of killing a person and serious crimes, the Committee is concerned that some acts of torture are subject to a statute of limitations of seven years.
11. The Committee recommends that the State party adopt the legislative measures necessary to ensure that no acts of torture are subject to any statute of limitations.
Fundamental legal safeguards
12. While taking note of recent measures that, inter alia, seek to ensure access to legal counsel, the Committee is concerned that this right may be limited based on grounds that are not clearly defined, including for reasons of “good cause”, leaving excessively broad discretion to the prosecution and police to exclude counsel, as pointed out by the Human Rights Committee. 6 ) The Committee against Torture is also concerned that detained persons may not be able to request and receive a medical examination by a physician from the very outset of their detention and that doctors may not be able to directly and confidentially bring medical reports of injuries suspected of resulting from torture to the attention of the public prosecutor. Moreover, interrogation rooms in juvenile detention centres are not equipped with closed-circuit television and video and audio recording equipment (art. 2).
13. The State party should ensure that all persons deprived of their liberty are afforded, both in law and in practice and regardless of the reasons for their detention, all fundamental legal safeguards from the very outset of their detention, in particular the rights to be assisted without delay by counsel, to request and obtain a free medical examination performed by an independent physician or by a physician of their choice that is conducted out of hearing of police officers and prison staff, unless the doctor concerned explicitly requests otherwise, and to have medical reports of injuries suspected of resulting from torture or ill-treatment brought to the attention of the prosecution, immediately, directly and confidentially. The State party should also ensure that interrogation rooms in juvenile detention centres have closed-circuit television and equipment for the video and audio recording of interrogations, that interrogations are properly recorded and that videotapes are made available to defendants and their counsel, reviewed to identify and investigate breaches of the Convention and used as evidence in court where relevant.
National human rights institution
14. While welcoming the work of the National Human Rights Commission of Korea, the Committee observes with concern that the relevant legislation does not provide for a clear, transparent and participatory selection and appointment process for the members of the Commission. In addition, the Commission does not have unrestricted access to all places of deprivation of liberty, it cannot carry out unannounced visits and its ability to conduct private interviews with persons deprived of liberty without witnesses is not guaranteed, even though the description of its mandate corresponds to that of a national preventive mechanism, as set out in the Optional Protocol to the Convention, which the State party has not ratified (arts. 2, 11 and 16).
15. The State party should:
(a) Amend its legislation to ensure a clear, transparent and participatory process for the selection and appointment of members of the National Human Rights Commission of Korea, while guaranteeing the independence, diversity and functional autonomy of the Commission, in compliance with the principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (the Paris Principles);
(b) Further strengthen the Commission’s monitoring mandate by granting it access to all places of detention, as well as the authority to carry out unannounced visits to all places of deprivation of liberty, including psychiatric, social care and other closed-type institutions, and privately conduct confidential interviews with persons deprived of liberty without witnesses;
(c) Consider ratifying the Optional Protocol to the Convention as soon as possible.
Conditions of detention
16. The Committee acknowledges the steps taken to improve the material conditions in detention centres and reduce the occupancy rate of correctional facilities, including ongoing construction and renovation projects, the establishment of an electronic monitoring system seeking to facilitate release on bail, the measures taken to improve wages and working conditions for medical doctors working in prisons and the increased use of remote video consultations and external medical assistance. The Committee is nevertheless concerned about the following:
(a) The persistent overcrowding in prisons, with a national occupancy rate of 113 per cent in 2023, according to the information provided by the delegation;
(b) The minimum accommodation area per inmate in multi-occupancy cells (2.58 m2 per inmate) falls short of international standards;
(c) The excessive recourse to solitary confinement as a disciplinary action, and its prolonged duration that can last up to 45 days, despite recent steps taken, and the lack of daily monitoring of persons under this detention regime by qualified medical personnel;
(d) The lack of access to adequate and timely medical care, including mental health care, that has reportedly been the cause of a number of deaths in custody;
(e) The fact that in cases of deaths in custody, the practice of informing bereaved relatives of autopsy outcomes without providing them with a copy of the autopsy report;
(f) The lack of an independent mechanism that can effectively investigate death in custody and allegations of torture and ill-treatment (arts. 2, 11 and 16).
17. The State party should intensity its efforts to bring conditions of detention in line with the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). It should, in particular:
(a) Take further measures to reduce overcrowding in prisons and other detention centres, including by making more use of alternatives to detention and continuing to implement plans to develop and renovate infrastructure of prisons and other detention facilities. In this connection, the Committee draws the State party’s attention to the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Noncustodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules) and the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules);
(b) Amend relevant guidelines and legislation to ensure that the minimum living space per inmate is in line with international standards, including in multi-occupancy cells;
(c) Bring its legislation and practice on solitary confinement into line with international standards, in particular rules 43 to 46 of the Nelson Mandela Rules. It should ensure that solitary confinement is used only in exceptional cases, as a last resort, for as short a time as possible, in no case for more than 15 consecutive days for adults, subject to independent review and only pursuant to the authorization by a competent authority, in accordance with rule 45 (1) of the Nelson Mandela Rules. The imposition of solitary confinement should be prohibited for prisoners with psychosocial, intellectual or physical disabilities when their conditions would be exacerbated by such measures, in accordance with rule 45 (2) of the Nelson Mandela Rules;
(d) Intensify its efforts to ensure that sufficient resources, including sufficient suitable medical personnel, are allocated to provide prisoners with adequate health care, including mental health care;
(e) Ensure that all instances of violence, excessive use of force and deaths in custody are thoroughly investigated by an independent mechanism with no institutional or hierarchical connection with alleged perpetrators, bring those responsible to justice and provide redress to victims;
(f) Ensure independent forensic examinations into deaths in custody, provide a copy of the autopsy report to the relatives of the deceased and, if requested, permit family members to commission private autopsies.
National Security Act
18. The Committee reiterates its concern about the excessively vague wording of articles 2 and 7 of the National Security Act, on “anti-government organizations” and the “praise” and “incitement” of their activities, which may give rise to violations of the Convention. It is particularly concerned about reports of arbitrary arrests and detentions carried out under these provisions (arts. 2, 11, 15 and 16).
19. Recalling its previous recommendations, 7 ) the Committee invites the State party to repeal or amend the National Security Act, including the vague wording of article 7 of the Act, on “Praise, incitement, etc.”, to ensure that it is in conformity with the Convention and that arrests and detentions under the law are in compliance with human rights obligations.
Death penalty
20. The Committee recalls its previous recommendations, 8 ) echoes the concerns of the Human Rights Committee 9 ) and, while noting that the moratorium on the application of the death penalty has been observed by the State party since 1997, notes with grave concern that courts continue to impose the death penalty and that a significant number of persons remain on death row (arts. 2 and 16).
21. The Committee invites the State party:
(a) To maintain the moratorium on the application of the death penalty and consider abolishing the death penalty and ratifying the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty;
(b) To commute all death sentences to prison terms, ensure that prisoners who were formerly on death row benefit from the same regime as all other prisoners and guarantee such prisoners their basic rights and needs in accordance with international standards.
Investigation into allegations of torture and independent complaint mechanism
22. While noting the mandate of the National Human Rights Commission of Korea and the establishment of human rights centres in prosecutors’ offices throughout the country, the Committee is concerned that not all persons held in places of detention have access to confidential mechanisms for reporting abuses. Another matter of concern is the low number of complaints registered with the human rights centres, which raises doubts about their effectiveness and the promptness of their response time. The Committee observes with concern that, while there is a high number of complaints filed through the Human Rights Bureau of the Ministry of Justice, the percentage of accepted complaints and subsequent investigations, prosecutions or measures of redress remains low (arts. 2, 11–14 and 16).
23. The State party should:
(a) Establish an independent, effective, confidential and accessible complaint mechanism in all places of detention, including police custody facilities and prisons, and protect victims, witnesses and members of their families from any risk of reprisals;
(b) Strengthen existing complaint mechanisms in all places of detention by ensuring confidential and unhindered access to such mechanisms in complete privacy and by ensuring that complainants are protected against any intimidation or reprisals as a consequence of their complaints;
(c) Ensure that all complaints of torture or ill-treatment are investigated in a prompt, effective and impartial manner by an independent mechanism and that there is no institutional or hierarchical relationship between the mechanism’s investigators and the suspected perpetrators of such acts;
(d) Ensure that the authorities open an investigation ex officio whenever there are reasonable grounds for believing that an act of torture or ill-treatment has been committed, that, in cases of torture and of ill-treatment, the suspected perpetrators are immediately suspended from duty for the duration of the investigation and that the suspected perpetrators of acts of torture and ill-treatment and the superior officers responsible for ordering or tolerating such acts are duly tried and, if found guilty, punished in a manner that is commensurate with the gravity of those acts and provide redress to victims;
(e) Develop training modules for police officers on non-coercive interviewing and investigation techniques, including the Principles on Effective Interviewing for Investigations and Information-Gathering, introduce advanced investigative tools and establish a sound system of gathering forensic evidence;
(f) Compile and publish comprehensive disaggregated statistical information relevant to all complaints and reports received of torture, ill-treatment, excessive use of force and applied means of coercion against public officials, including information on whether such complaints led to investigations and, if so, by which authority, whether the investigation resulted in the imposition of disciplinary measures or prosecutions and whether the victims obtained redress.
Training
24. While acknowledging the training offered on the prohibition of torture to health-care professionals, law enforcement officials, immigration officials and members of the military and the judiciary, the Committee regrets the lack of specific training on the Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Istanbul Protocol), as revised (art. 10).
25. The State party should:
(a) Further develop and implement mandatory initial and in-service training programmes to ensure that all public officials, in particular law enforcement officers, military personnel, judicial officials, prison staff and other who may be involved in the custody, interrogation or treatment of persons subjected to any form of arrest, detention or imprisonment, are well acquainted with the provisions of the Convention, especially the absolute prohibition of torture, and that they are fully aware that violations will not be tolerated and will be investigated and that those responsible will be prosecuted and, if convicted, appropriately punished;
(b) Ensure that all relevant staff, including medical personnel, are specifically trained to identify and report cases of torture and ill-treatment, in accordance with the Istanbul Protocol, as revised;
(c) Develop and apply a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of educational and training programmes in reducing the number of cases of torture and ill-treatment and in ensuring the identification, documentation and investigation of such acts, as well as the prosecution of those responsible.
Abuses in the military
26. While acknowledging the measures taken by the State party to address human rights abuses in the military, the Committee is concerned about the reported increase in cases of violence in the military, including sexual and gender-based violence, which has resulted in deaths, including suicides. The Committee is also concerned that the criminalization of consensual sexual relations between same-sex adults and the related punishment of imprisonment with labour for not more than two years provided for in article 92-6 of the Military Criminal Act may give rise to violations of the Convention (arts. 2 and 16).
27. The Committee recalls its previous recommendations 10 ) and recommends that the State party:
(a) Continue its efforts to adopt strategies and programmes for the prevention and elimination of violence, including sexual and gender-based violence, as well as to prevent suicide in the military, including by addressing their root causes, such as mental health issues caused by high levels of pressure, and by monitoring, documenting and investigating such incidents;
(b) Ensure that allegations of torture and ill-treatment and all cases of death, including suicides, are thoroughly investigated by an independent mechanism with no institutional or hierarchical connection with alleged perpetrators, bring those responsible to justice by establishing the liability of direct perpetrators and those in the chain of command and provide redress to victims;
(c) Consider repealing article 92-6 of the Military Criminal Act.
Involuntary hospitalization in psychiatric institutions
28. While taking note of measures taken during the reporting period to, inter alia, improve procedures for involuntary hospitalization, the Committee remains concerned about the following:
(a) The large number of persons with psychosocial or intellectual disabilities who do not present a threat to themselves or others who are placed involuntarily in psychiatric institutions. The Committee is concerned about reports of such persons being denied discharge after being admitted under the “consensual hospitalization” system and whose status has been changed to “hospitalization by legal guardians” because they applied for discharge without the consent of their legal guardians;
(b) The insufficient and inadequate procedural safeguards relating to involuntary placement in psychiatric institutions;
(c) The lack of required independence, impartiality and resources of entities reviewing admission and their practice of deciding on most cases without interviewing patients face to face;
(d) The lack of independent monitoring of psychiatric institutions, despite the high number of complaints about abuses in psychiatric hospitals received by the national human rights institution.
29. The State party should:
(a) Continue its ongoing efforts on, and consider revising legislation regulating, involuntary hospitalization, to ensure respect for legal safeguards to prevent torture and ill-treatment, including judicial review;
(b) Revise the “consensual examination” system to require face-to-face assessments for admission review;
(c) Establish an effective, independent, confidential and accessible complaint mechanism for persons with disabilities in psychiatric institutions, conduct prompt, impartial thorough investigations into all allegations of ill-treatment in health-care institutions, both public and private, prosecute persons suspected of ill-treatment and, if found guilty, ensure that they are punished according to the gravity of their acts and provide effective remedies and redress to the victims;
(d) Increase its efforts to provide sufficient resources to facilities providing rehabilitation care and mental health services in the community.
Persons escaping from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
30. The Committee notes that the enforcement decree of the North Korean Defectors Protection and Settlement Support Act was amended to reduce the “provisional protection” period from 180 days to 90 days, but it remains concerned that the Act also includes exceptions providing for extending this period and that such persons’ right to legal counsel is not guaranteed. While noting the delegation’s assurances that the State party will prevent deportations of persons escaping the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in the future by accepting all such persons, the Committee notes that there was a case of refoulement during the period under review (arts. 2, 3 and 16).
31. The State party should:
(a) Ensure that the deprivation of liberty of persons escaping the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is for the shortest possible period and never exceeds the established legal maximum;
(b) Guarantee that all fundamental legal safeguards, including the rights to legal counsel, medical care and an effective independent review, for all persons escaping the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and ensure they have access to these safeguards in practice;
(c) Uphold the principle of non-refoulement for all persons escaping the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, guaranteeing that they are not expelled, returned or extradited to a country where there are substantial grounds for believing that they would be in danger of being subjected to torture, in line with article 3 of the Convention, regardless of whether the person is suspected of having committed criminal acts or has expressed a wish to defect that is deemed genuine.
Asylum-seekers and migrants
32. While noting the additional resources allocated to improve refugee status determination procedures, the Committee observes with concern the low recognition rate and the high number of cases where access to refugee status determination procedures is denied at ports of entry (non-referral decisions) under article 5 of the enforcement decree of the Refugee Act. Noting the decision of the Constitutional Court of 23 March 2023, the Committee is concerned that a legally prescribed maximum duration for immigration detention is still lacking. The lack of safeguards against arbitrary immigration detention, the practice of holding minors in immigration detention and the insufficient access of asylum-seekers and holders of humanitarian protection status to essential health care and basic needs assistance are also concerning (arts. 2, 3, 11–13 and 16).
33. The State party should:
(a) Allocate additional resources to refugee status determination bodies and ensure that an effective independent appeal mechanism exists with regard to negative decisions and that appeals have a suspensive effect;
(b) Revise article 5 of the enforcement decree of the Refugee Act with a view to removing the grounds for non-referral to asylum procedures;
(c) Further to the decision of the Constitutional Court of 23 March 2023, establish a legally prescribed maximum duration of immigration detention by amending article 63 (1) of the Immigration Act and ensuring that immigration detention is subject to regular independent judicial review, in line with international standards;
(d) Avoid detaining immigrant minors and provide appropriate noncustodial care arrangements for children and their families and for unaccompanied children;
(e) Ensure effective access to work permits, essential health care and basic needs assistance for asylum-seekers and holders of humanitarian protection status.
Trafficking in persons
34. While welcoming the adoption of the Act on Prevention of Human Trafficking and Protection of Victims, in April 2021, the Committee is concerned that the definitions of trafficking and related punishment set out in the Act and in the Criminal Act are not fully in line with the provisions of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (arts. 2 and 16).
35. The State party should consider amending the definition of trafficking in persons and the provisions related to the punishment for this crime in its legislation to ensure that those provisions and their implementation are fully in compliance with international standards.
Gender-based violence
36. While acknowledging measures taken the State party to address domestic violence, such as the adoption of the Framework Act on Prevention of Violence against Women, in 2019, and to address other forms of gender-based violence, including stalking and online sexual abuse, the Committee is concerned about the following:
(a) The low number of complaints, the low rate of prosecutions and convictions and the lenient sentences handed down for domestic violence;
(b) The absence of legislation that explicitly makes marital rape a punishable offence in the Criminal Act 11 ) (arts. 2 and 16).
37. The State party should:
(a) Ensure that all cases of violence against women, including domestic violence, especially those involving actions or omissions by State authorities or other entities that engage the international responsibility of the State party under the Convention, are reported and thoroughly investigated, that perpetrators are prosecuted and, if convicted, punished with appropriate sanctions and that survivors are adequately compensated;
(b) Ensure that survivors and/or their families benefit from protection and have access to medical and legal services, redress and rehabilitation, including adequate compensation, as well as to adequately funded shelters throughout the country;
(c) Consider amending the Criminal Act to explicitly make marital rape, defined as non-consensual sexual relations between spouses, a criminal offence punishable with appropriate sanctions.
Redress
38. The Committee expresses its concern that only very few victims of past State violence and institutionalization have enjoyed the right to redress, including compensation and rehabilitation. The Committee recalls the concerns raised by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, that many former “comfort women “have not obtained full reparation 12 ) and still face health challenges resulting from the long-term effects of the trauma that they experienced and their age and vulnerability. 13 ) The Committee draws the attention of the State party to general comment No. 3 (2012) on the implementation of article 14, in which the Committee against Torture explained the content and scope of the obligations of States parties to provide full redress to victims of torture (art. 2, 12–14 and 16).
39. The State party should:
(a) Ensure, including by revising domestic legislation, that all victims of past State violence and institutionalization, including those from social care institutions, orphanages and other closed-type institutions, are provided effective redress and reparation, including compensation, satisfaction and rehabilitative services, without being required to file formal complaints;
(b) Ensure that all former “comfort women” are provided effective redress and reparation, including compensation, satisfaction and rehabilitative services;
(c) Ensure that, in law and in practice, all victims of torture and ill-treatment obtain redress, including by ensuring an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation and the means for as full a rehabilitation as possible, in line with article 14 of the Convention. The State party should compile and provide to the Committee information on the redress, including means of rehabilitation, ordered by the courts or other State bodies and that actually provided to victims of torture or ill-treatment.
Follow-up procedure
40. The Committee requests the State party to provide, by 26 July 2025, information on follow-up to the Committee’s recommendations on fundamental legal safeguards, solitary confinement, prisoners’ access to adequate health care, including mental health care, and allegations of torture and ill-treatment and cases of death, including suicides, in the military (see paras. 13, 17 (c) and (d) and 27 (b) above). In that context, the State party is invited to inform the Committee about its plans for implementing, within the coming reporting period, the remaining recommendations in the present concluding observations.
Other issues
41. The State party is requested to widely disseminate the report submitted to the Committee and the present concluding observations, in appropriate languages, through official websites, the media and non-governmental organizations and to inform the Committee about its dissemination activities.
42. The Committee requests the State party to submit its next periodic report, which will be its seventh, by 26 July 2028. For that purpose, and in view of the fact that the State party has agreed to report to the Committee under the simplified reporting procedure, the Committee will, in due course, transmit to the State party a list of issues prior to reporting. The State party’s replies to that list of issues will constitute its seventh periodic report under article 19 of the Convention.
FootNote
1)
CAT/C/KOR/6.
2)
See CAT/C/SR.2113 and CAT/C/SR.2116.
3)
CAT/C/KOR/CO/3-5, para. 49.
4)
CAT/C/KOR/CO/3-5/Add.1.
5)
CAT/C/KOR/CO/3-5, para. 8.
6)
CCPR/C/KOR/CO/5, para. 35.
7)
CAT/C/KOR/CO/3-5, para. 16.
8)
Ibid., para. 30.
9)
CCPR/C/KOR/CO/5, para. 23.
10)
CAT/C/KOR/CO/3-5, para. 36.
11)
Ibid., para. 37
12)
See A/HRC/54/24/Add.1; and CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/9, para. 30 (a).
13)
CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/9, para. 30 (b).
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